This article is about electric power conductors. For portable equipment, see power cord.
A power cable is an assembly of one or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed.
Flexible power cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools and machinery.
Power cable History
Early telegraph systems used the first forms of electrical cabling, transmitting tiny amounts of power. Gutta-percha insulation used on the first submarine cables was, however, unsuitable for building wiring use since it deteriorated rapidly when exposed to air.
The first power distribution system developed by Thomas Edison in 1882 in New York City used copper rods, wrapped in jute and placed in rigid pipes filled with a bituminous compound. Although vulcanized rubber had been patented by Charles Goodyear in 1844, it was not applied to cable insulation until the 1880s, when it was used for lighting circuits. Rubber-insulated cable was used for 11,000 volt circuits in 1897 installed for the Niagara Falls power project.
Mass-impregnated paper-insulated medium voltage cables were commercially practical by 1895. During World War II several varieties of synthetic rubber and polyethylene insulation were applied to cables.

Construction
Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each particularly adapted to its uses. Large single insulated conductors are also sometimes called power cables in the industry.
Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation, protective jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application. The construction and material are determined by three main factors:
※ Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation;
※ Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s);
※ Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cable jacket.
Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metal armor in the form of wires spiralled around the cable, or a corrugated tape wrapped around it. The armor may be made of steel or aluminum, and although connected to earth ground is not intended to carry current during normal operation.
Power cables use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small power cables may use solid conductors (For a detailed discussion on copper cables, see: Copper wire and cable.).
The cable may include uninsulated conductors used for the circuit neutral or for ground (earth) connection.
The overall assembly may be round or flat. Non-conducting filler strands may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steel or Kevlar structural supports.
Some power cables for outdoor overhead use may have no overall sheath. Other cables may have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The materials for the sheath will be selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground conditions, chemical vapors, impact, or high temperatures. In nuclear industry applications the cable may have special requirements for ionizing radiation resistance. Cable materials may be specified not to produce large amounts of smoke if burned. Cables intended for underground use or direct burial in earth will have heavy plastic or metal, most often lead sheaths, or may require special direct-buried construction. When cables must run where exposed to mechanical impact damage, they may protected with flexible steel tape or wire armor, which may also be covered by a water resistant jacket.
The information is taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For more wire and canle knowledge, Please visit www.qscable.com and www.huadongcable.com.

High voltage overhead transmission lines and high-voltage cables, what’s the difference?

The transmission line has two kinds, one is the overhead line the most common, it generally use the bare wire insulation, through the tower stands on the ground as support, the conductor insulator suspension in the tower; the other is the power cable, the cable which uses a special processing manufacturing and become, buried in the underground or laid in cable tunnel.

The transmission capacity and transmission distance power transmission line and voltage. Line voltage higher transport distance farther. According to the transmission distance and capacity to determine the voltage circuit and system required.

1 overhead transmission line routing overhead line tower transmission lines, conductors, insulators, set up above the ground.

Overhead transmission line

Good by the conductive metal wires are made, thick enough cross section (to maintain proper flow density) and large radius of curvature (to reduce corona discharge). EHV transmission is to use more split conductor. Overhead ground wire (also known as the lightning line) is arranged above the transmission line, used to protect the lines from lightning strikes. Transmission line important usually use two overhead ground wire. By a single suspension insulator string (or rod) insulators which are connected in series, to meet the insulation strength and mechanical strength requirements. The number of each string insulator is determined by the voltage level of transmission. The tower is made of steel or reinforced concrete, is the main supporting structure of overhead transmission line. Erection of overhead lines and convenient repair, low cost. Effect of overhead transmission lines to consider the temperature change, it is the strong storms, lightning, Yu Lin, ice, floods, wet fog and other natural conditions at design time. Overhead transmission line path also have enough ground corridor width and clearance.

The maximum transmission power transmission lines in the comprehensive consideration of technical, economic and other factors are identified, called the transmission capacity of the line. Transmission capacity in general and the transmission voltage is proportional to the square of the. Therefore, to improve the transmission voltage is the main technical means to realize large capacity and long distance transmission, but also a symbol of the development level of transmission technology. The current global (including the developed countries in Europe and America) is widely used in overhead lines as the main means of conveyance of electricity.

2 power cable line

Power cable by wire, insulation layer and protective layer with a single core, dual core and three core cable.

Underground lines used for overhead line construction difficult areas, such as transmission city or special cross section. At present, the cable transmission, mainly from the point of view of city landscape and the line security. But the cable line fault finding time and repair time is very long, to the normal operation of power grid reliability and electricity brings the serious influence. So in power grid construction, cable lines to replace all the overhead line or unable to realize.

Cable line features:
(1) power supply reliability.
(2) does not occupy the ground and space
(3) do not use the pole, saving wood, steel, cement
(4) the operation and maintenance are simple, save repair cost line.
(5) cable price expensive, hard line branch, cable construction process joint is complex, difficult to find the fault point, not timely processing of the accident.

3The power frequency electric field, magnetic field overhead lines and cable lines

3.1 power frequency electric field voltage electric field, voltage, and the population size and line overhead line power frequency electric field intensity of the distance from the. According to HJ_T_24-1998 “500kV EHV power transmission and transformation project electromagnetic radiation environmental impact assessment of technical specifications”, residential power frequency electric field intensity of the implementation of 4kV/m standard, power grid construction project only by the environmental impact assessment, in full compliance with the standards to the construction.

The underground tunnel and cable buried deep in the 7-10 meters, the tunnel reinforced concrete and surface soil layer, the power frequency electric field on the ground surface is very small, and tend to the environment background value. Therefore, the power frequency electric field intensity of cable line can be ignored.

3.2 power frequency magnetic field

An electric current produces a magnetic field, the current size, and population size and line overhead line power frequency magnetic induction intensity of distance and other relevant. According to HJ_T_24-1998 “500kV EHV power transmission and transformation project electromagnetic radiation environmental impact assessment of technical specifications”, residential power frequency magnetic field strength of the implementation of 0.1mT standard. The cable lines due to shield tunnel reinforced structure, and away from the larger reason and the surface, the surface of the power frequency magnetic field intensity is generally not more than 0.003mT. Along with the increase of distance and cable tunnel level, power frequency magnetic field intensity decay rapidly, more environmental background value.

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The exact cause of XLPE insulated cable accident

The cable fault generated
A joint design and manufacturing process
B insulation aging metamorphism
C insulation
D cable overheat
E mechanical injury
F corrosion protection layer
G overvoltage
H material defects
According to the report, the following reasons XLPE cable accident:
A water tree deterioration
B copper shield fault zone
C copper shield grounding fault
D cable sheath fault
E core shielding layer of uneven thickness
1 water tree degradation
It is the main reason of XLPE insulated cable accident, about 71% of the accidents, mostly occurs in the natural deterioration.
2 copper shield fault zone
In the copper shielding cable with one end grounded, when the copper shield with fracture, non grounded at one end of the copper shield with a non ground state, the copper shield with the induction high voltage, the high voltage if the rupture site discharge, often cause the destruction of insulation. Is shown schematically in Figure fracture site discharge.
The characteristics of fault zone is the copper shield:
(1) Single core cable  than the three core cable accident.
(2) from the production to the ravages of time, from a few weeks to a few years.
(3) the conductor resistance fracture site increases to the thousands of Europe, not the protection of non ground side cable a flashover to ground.
(4) fracture site discharge fire, smoke, fire may have caused serious.
3 copper shield grounding fault
XLPE copper cable shield grounding fault has been the scene of the attention. For example, a region of the XLPE cable are often adopted in buried, the terminal head of copper shielding wire and steel armor wires are led, grounding wire section were no less than 25mm2 and 10mm2, from thermal glove leads should be insulated from each other, through the above two improvements, there are conditions in the terminal head of regular measurement of steel armor insulation resistance and steel armor on the copper shield, can indirectly reflect the cable outer sheath, no damage, which can determine the cable damping.
Detection of copper cable shielding and grounding, a change point in the terminal side of the insulating resistance of 0.01M. Cable laying is shown schematically in figure.
Further detection, fault point location away from the substation 1973m 4 cable connection. The 4 joint digs, the joint, the outer sheath are respectively opened inspection, found the cause of the copper shield grounding is the inner, outer sheath of joint sealing lax, steel armor and copper shield has the moisture. Aiming at the fault reason, the joints were sufficient moisture use a blowtorch, the copper shield in the interface is disconnected, respectively, both sides of the joint copper shield on telemetry insulation resistance, test result is: substation side is 4.5M Ω, the terminal side of 5M. Due to timely treatment, to avoid accidents
4 cable sheath fault
XLPE single core cable can run safely and reliably, and the protective layer can be closely related to the safe and reliable operation. By the end of the cable sheath grounding, shield of the cable insulation requirements must be good. When the cable shield grounding, operation of cable sheath will be subjected to an alternating magnetic field, will be in the corrugated aluminum sheath voltage induced, directly to the ground terminal and the cable sheath insulation bad produced “circulation”. “Circulation” to make corrugated aluminum layer heating, and the transmission capacity is reduced to 30% to 40%; and the metal protecting layer serious burn, burn after the protective layer will enable the cable main insulation is exposed outside, and the underground (or air) of water or moisture contact, so that the insulating layer is destroyed, eventually lead to the breakdown of insulation.
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Armoured Cable Ensuring Electrical Protection

Electricity has become one of the most important parts of our lives. In fact, we cannot imagine a day without electricity. From the moment we switch on our geysers in the bathroom to the moment we switch off the lights before retiring to bed, electricity has become one of the most indispensable inventions of our time. When setting up a home, it is important to see that all the electrical wires and cables are installed in a safe way. Many a time, short circuits or blown fuses can lead to a large conflagration. It is thus, important to always use very good quality cables and electric wires.

With the advancement of technology, people have started using much safer equipment. There are now different types of cables based on the amount of protection it provides. For instance, Armoured Cable is one type of cable used nowadays which provides a great deal of protection from short circuits or any such electrical problems.

If you are planning to install electric wires and cables yourself, a very safe bet would be to use the Armoured Cable. Though they are generally used to carry bigger amount of electricity and fall under the category of power cables, there are many do it yourself videos which will give you step by step instructions to install these cables for your use.

There are different categories of Armoured cables available for added security- for instance the Steel Wired Armoured Cable is another variation where the wire used inside the cables is specifically made up of steel unlike copper or nickel like the others. The main advantage of having a cable made of this material is that the conductivity of such cables will be a lot more than the conventional Armoured Electric Cable. But at the same time, if you are planning to use it on a large scale level, then it would be best to use a normal one. These are a tad bit expensive than the traditional cables and if you are not planning to spend too much on your wiring then, it is best advisable not to go for it.

Cables are generally safer than installing normal wires because of the protective sheath around them. The sheathing provides insulation against any kind of electrical short circuiting. These are available at most of the electrical hardware stores and the shops. One best way to ensure that you get these at an affordable price is to make your purchase from the wholesale electrical shops. They give you such material at a price which is much lesser than the ones obtained in the conventional stores. Always check for the warranty of these products before making the final purchase. Buy from credible stores only.

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What is Armored Cable?

Whenever the question of building wiring is raised, one comes across the term 'Armoured Cables'. After all, what is armored cable and why is it so important for electrical wiring systems. It's mainly include Steel /Aluminum wire armored cable and Steel/Aluminum tape armored cable. Let's know about it.

Armored Cable Definition

Armored cable is a power cable made up by assembling two or more electrical conductors, generally held together with an overall sheath. This electrical cable with high protective covering is used for transmission of electrical power, especially for underground wiring needs. However, these cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or may even be kept exposed. They are available as single conductor cable as well as multi-conductor cables.

To be more precise, armored cables can be explained as electrical cables with stainless steel or galvanized wire wound over the conductors and insulation. They often have an outer plastics sheath for main distribution supply and buried feeders.

Why is Armored Cable Significant?

As can be made out from its name itself, armored cable is significant due to the ultimate protection it provides keeping in view the most risky job of electricity transmission. It acts as a circuit protective conductor (CPC) and thus provides earthing to the equipment supplied by the cable. However, its earthing capability has been a much debated subject.

Armoured Cable Earthing

A single conductor armoured cable does not have a ground wire. Its sheath is only for protection purpose. Therefore it is always recommended that one core armor cable should not be earthed on both ends. When both the ends are grounded, a "circulating sheath current" can flow between the armour, to ground then back to the armour. Grounding only one end is meant to allow bleeding of any voltage that might be induced into the sheath without creating a circulating current.

Single core armoured cables do not have magnetic fields generated by the other two phases. In a three phase cable, the sum value of the three magnetic fields is zero. In a single core cable, there is no "cancelling" effect and therefore a voltage will be induced in the armour by the magnetic field surrounding the conductor.

To prevent any kind of problem, a single conductor metallic armoured cable having lead, aluminum, stainless steel, steel or copper armors should be bonded to ground, usually at the source end, then isolated from ground along its length.

To know more about this power cable, read Armoured Cables via www.qscable.com and www.huadongcble.com.

Different types of Cables and its uses

According to the nature of applications different types of cables can be used in domestic, commercial and industrial set ups. Cables are categorized in number of parts first is single conductor cables and other is multi conductor cables. Lets we discuss about these cables and their features that are helpful f

Aluminum Cables: These cables are the types of electrical cables that are mainly used for high power applications. These types of cables are famous for their high conductivity. The Aluminum cables contain the features of light weight, non-magnetic and ductile. It also contains silver-white metal that are reflective to heat and can be recycled also. These types of cables mostly used for those applications like motors, electric lights, Telephone lines etc.

Copper Cables: Copper cable mainly used electrical cables that are widely used for industrial segments and the important elements are mining, electronics, telecommunication, transportation. Telecommunication sectors mainly used these cables just because of their light weight, ductile and flexible nature. You can find Copper Cables in integrated circuits, electrical bus bars, electromagnets, microwave ovens and electrical switches.

Industrial Cables: These cables are specifically designed to oppose severe temperature and find application in those areas like oil refineries, aviation, chemical plants, pharmaceutical companies etc. The industrial cables are highly resistant to oil, grease, chemicals and flames, etc. Some types of industrial cables include coaxial cables,armored instrumentation cables, control cables and many other industrial power cables.

Fiber Optical Cables: Fiber optic cables are made of one or more transparent fibers which are cover with a protective jacket. These cables are categorized in three parts as Simplex Fiber Optical Cables, Duplex and Multi-Fiber Optical Cables. Simplex fiber optical cables have one optical fiber, Duplex fiber optical cables have two optical fibers and the multi fiber optical cables have several optical fibers. These cables are mainly used in telecommunication and computer network.

If you want to buy different types of cables then Tirupati plastomatics is the leading supplier and manufacturer in India. The company basically provides finest quality products like LT Power Cables, Aerial Cables, Control cables, Household & Domestic Cables, Conductors, Flattwin and Earth Cables, Custom Made Cables, TP Silec Cable, Mining Cables, TP FRTEK, House Cables, Railway Signaling Cables, Submersible Cables and PVC House Cables. So these are the industrial cables that are mainly used for industrial and domestic purpose. According to your requirement you can order it immediately.

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Know about Electrical Wires and Underground Cables

One of the most significant parts of modern living is electricity. Entertainment activities and other things depend on electricity and applications running through it. Optimal conditions of electrical wires are essential for smooth running for electric systems. Two things are important when deciding what type of electrical wires should be used at home. One is size of the electrical wire and other is the safety issue regarding wiring conditions. Wire gauge system determines the size of the electrical wire. The amapcity increases if the wire gauge is smaller and vice versa. Amapcity is defined as the safe amount of current that does not make the wire hot enough to catch on fire. Safe plastic covered electrical wires, called NMC (non metallic sheathed cable), are ideal for indoor wiring. Many types of these non metallic cables are available. Popular wires include NM, NMC and UF electrical wires. Nm electrical cables are usually used for indoor wiring such as receptacle circuits and lighting.

NMC electrical cables, being well insulated and safe are used in damp areas or above ground. UF (the underground feeder) can be used outdoor in the ground. These cables are not safe to use above the ground because cable sheathing can be destroyed by sunlight.

Copper electrical wire, aluminum electrical wire, alloys and silver are the electrical cables which are different in performance and price. Copper wire is considered gold standard and most homes rely on it. Aluminum is cheaper than copper and can easily be shaped and bent, but is less conductive. An alloy is made from aluminum and copper to get the characteristic of both and is used in industries.

An underground cable is a type of electric power cable, which is installed in underground ducts. It is mostly used in cities where shortage of space and safety concerns prevent the use of overhead lines. Now, installing underground cable has become an easy task because many topnotch types of equipment are available for professionals to install. Cable winches, cable ploughs, cable trailers and electric blowers are the equipment used by professionals to install these underground cables. A professional CLP company must have a good collection of cable winches. Its main function is to drag the cable at uniform speed. Many different configurations of cable winches are available. They range from light weight to much larger, more elaborate equipment. Cable ploughs are also an extremely vital equipment, to dig the drenches to bury cable quickly. Cable trailers are used to transport cables in a smoother way. Electrical blowers are more efficient. Air is blown down a propelling cable at uniform speed with the help of these electric blowers. Underground cabling equipment is vital to install underground cables efficiently.

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What Are The Criteria For Selecting A Quality Power Cables

These days, power conception by general public and various industries are increasing day by day. To meet the Growing requirements of quality power distribution for industrial and residential use, electricity distribution systems are hurriedly undergoing upgrades. Looking to safety measures and quality of services, converting the overhead line to high quality underground(UG) cables in low tension and high tension electricity distribution networks. power cables are the major component of new generation Power distribution system. Technical requirements for power and control cables are:

a) Armoured copper/ aluminium power and control cables: Extruded PVC sheath inner , single round galvanised steel wire armoured and provided with PVC sheath outer. Both outer and inner sheaths shall be ST-1 as per IS: 5831.

b) Unarmoured copper/aluminium power and control cables: extruded PVC sheath inner and provided with PVC sheath outer. Both outer and inner sheaths shall be Type ST-1 as per IS: 5831.

Insulation for cables. XLPE insulation for cables have a higher current carrying capacity, light weight and short circuit rating 250°C as against 160°C for PVC. An excellent electric properties of XLPE are high dielectric strength and very low dielectric losses. Due to water tree growth in XLPE, specially designed insulation materials called WTR-XLPE. WTR-XLPE insulation materials lead to a much longer in-service life for power cables. Inner sheath and outer sheath insulation shall be applied by separate extrusion. Insulation should not be damaged when exposed to the bad weather conditions. There are some of the important factors should consider when buying power cables:

(a) About Manufacturer
(b) Voltage grade
(c) Successive length
(d) Size of cable
(e) International standard Mark
(f) Year of manufacture

Quality cables have high tensile strength and perfect resistance to high temperatures. WTR-XLPE cables work in both moist and dry conditions. Cross linked polyethylene cables have distinct advantages such as lighter weight, better electrical and thermal properties, less maintenance, and easier terminating and jointing procedure etc. Always choose to buy a power cables from International standard system certified cable manufactures. Choosing electric cable for power distribution and house wiring is very difficult. All the cable manufacturing companies and suppliers convince their substandard product to buy. Before selecting the brand, always cross check the quality of the product and its manufacturer's system standard certification. Quality product can only deliver 100% safety with satisfaction. Always cross check about product quality, and its manufactures to buy a cost effective, long reliable service life power cables.

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Power Cable Wire for Diverse Electrical Usage

Two or more cords when run together and combine to form a power cable and these cables are comprised of different wires in the braided, bonded and twisted form. They create a single assembly in this way. A variety of cables are available to serve different purposes and applications. Mechanical cables are comprised of the wire ropes and they are used for carrying out the towing, lifting and hauling jobs. These cords are used for exerting tension to convey force. Electric wires are used with the electric cords for conducting the flow of electric currents through buildings installations and industrial sites. A high voltage cable or power lines are used for facilitating the power transmission with other electrical materials at distances that are more than a few kilometers.

These power cables are available in many different sizes and shapes and can be a bit complicated for the individuals to understand about their working. They can be classified as the single cable or multi conductor cables that are used for the power supply for personal as well as industrial usage. Each of them has their own advantage and they are designed specifically for certain applications. These cables are used in homes and industries for carrying electrical currents. This involves the most important usage of these power cables. These cables are installed in the industrial and building areas for the power transmission purpose to far distances. They are high voltage cables or power cables and they are flexible enough to use for variety of power transmission operations. Cable trays and cable ties are used for fastening these wires for diverse uses.

Different types of electrical cables are available in the market. Coaxial cables are comprised of different conductors with different signals. Wires that are comprised of the insulated conductors are known as the multi conductor wires. Designing of twisted pair wires is done to carry signals as it involves different pair of conductors in the twisted form. There are a number of uses of the fiber optical wires like wiring, data transmission and networking. These cables are quite popular for their usage in the data transmission process. This is because they always assure he accuracy and speedy transfer of data from one system to another. The amount of data loss is also less when the data is transmitted through the fiber optical high end cable wires. These wires are also use in the medical sector in light guides and imaging tool. The light gets emitted through these wires hardly requires a straight path for shining on the objects. This is the reason why they are widely used be the doctors and medical staff. These wires are also used in the popular field of computers and internet. Due to higher flexibility, accuracy, speed and increased bandwidth, these wires are also used in computer networking arena. Interconnecting wires, trunk wires, standard patch cords and many other uses are also associated with these power cable wires. Detecting vibration, pressure and temperature are other usages of the fiber optical wires that are the excellent sensory device. Wiring aircrafts, submarines and other complex wiring works are included with the usage of cable wires.

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All About Armored Electric Cable

Armored cable is a power cable usually made by assembling two or more conductors held together by a sheath. Such a cable comes with high protective covering and is used for transmitting electric power. These cables may be installed as permanent wiring within building or buried under ground.

To be precise, armored cables can be recognized as electric cables with stainless steel or galvanized wire wound with a conductor and insulator. They have an outer sheath for distribution supply.

Significance of Armored Cables

Armored cables are apt for high voltage electrical transmission applications. These include a circuit protective conductor within that provides earthing to the cables. Single conductor Armored cables do not come with ground wiring. The sheath is for protection purposes only. Therefore when it comes to earthing, it is recommended that one core cable should never be earthed on both ends. To prevent an electric leak, a single conductor Armored cable having lead, aluminum, stainless steel, or copper armor should not be laid on ground.

Advantage Of Armored Cable

Armored cables are extremely flexible and this makes them the right choice for industrial purposes. The mechanism involved in these cables allows more flexibility and durability. The chromium content in the steel armor protects the cable from damage even in the harshest of environments. Armored cables can also withstand considerable levels of heat due to the presence of PVC bedding. The external protection in conductors allows better transmission of electricity, even under high pressure.

Purchasing an Armored Cable

If you are purchasing steel wire armored cable for strength and durability, then you must keep the following points in mind.
Color of cable for coding: Steel wire Armored cable comes in colors such as white, blue, black, red, etc. Black, red or blue colored wires indicate live wire. White is neutral, green is for earthing.

Materials for making a wire: The most common material used for making an Armored cable is copper and aluminum. Thus, choosing the most suitable conductor requires proper product knowledge.

Operating conditions: Wires used in wet conditions come with a ‘W' label. For gaseous or oily environment, wire cables come with N printed on them.

When it comes to manufacturing, exporting and supplying of Electrical Products, Huadong Cables & Conductors assures you quality at an affordable cost. With stringent quality control and high levels of service commitment, Huadong Cables & Conductors believes in going the extra mile for its customers. For more information, feel free to visit us at: http://www.qscable.com.

Power Cable Manufacturers A Range Of Quality Production

Power cables are now a day available in a huge range. Power cables are available as per the uses in a variety of sizes, types and materials in the market. The major components required for the manufacturing of cables are insulation, conductor, protective jackets. The making of individual cables varies from application to application. An experienced power cable manufacturer consider some factors for determining the construction and material like the capacity to carry, working voltage, environmental conditions responsible for determining the composition and form of the cable jacket.

Within an overall sheath the assembly of two or more conductors held together is called power supply. Sometimes even plastic or metal sheath is used for enclosing the conductors. The electric power is transmitted through those assembly only. Power cable can be used in many ways like by running it overhead, buried in ground or as permanent wiring within the buildings. The large single insulated conductors are also known as power cables many a time.

Power cable accessories are required for the purpose for facilitating termination & joint whereas Electrical Power Jointing Kits helps in maintaining the continuity of long cables. A numerous manufacturing companies claims to produce the best quality electric power cables and jointing kits.

Small power cables use solid conductors. However Stranded aluminum or copper conductors are generally used by cables. Many a time uninsulated conductors are used for ground connection or circuit neutral. Whereas the materials used for making sheath for enclosing conductors are selected carefully. Only the materials which have the power to resist sunlight, water, oil, chemical vapors, high temperatures are taken into consideration.

Paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cables and Cross linked polyethylene ethylene (XLPE) cables are the two main competitors. XLPE cable have unique features like lighter weight, less maintenance, easier procedure for termination & jointing, better properties for both electrical as well as thermal which raises its demand and thus is gradually replacing PILC. However XPLE cables are widely used all over the world. The voltage range of PILC is from 1.1KV to 750KV AC.

Power Cable Jointing kits are another important accessories produced by Power Cable Manufacturer to maintain the continuity of cable especially of long length cables. A wide range of cable joints are manufactured now a day. A few points should be considered by the user while selecting an appropriate type of cable jointing system like site condition, voltage application, cable types and operating parameters. Pre-moulded, taped type, heat shrinkable and cold application are the few types of cable jointing kits available in the market.

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Power Cable overview & Its Types

Two or more electrical conductors held with an assembling sheath constitute a Power Cable.  The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power.  Power Cables are basically used for the transmission of electricity.  Generally,  conductors, insulation and a protective jacket are the three major components of a Power Cable.  Power Cables are either installed as permanent wiring in buildings or laid underground.  Sometimes,  Power Cables are exposed and run overhead on streets.

Types of Power Cables:

• Submarine Power Cables: The Submarine Power Cables carry current under water surface.  These cables are used under freshwater as well as salt water.  To facilitate underwater electric transmission, the Submarine Power Cables are made using polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer. This makes the cables resistant to chemical solvents,  acids and bases present underwater.
• Nonmetallic Variant B Cables: Nonmetallic Variant B Cables are made up of flame resistant nonmetallic sheaths. These cables are resistant to damages caused due to sunlight exposure or moisture. They are laid in attics, under floor and on walls.
• Aerial Cables: Aerial Cables are widely used for telecommunication. These Cables are mostly installed in transmission towers or poles. The Aerial Cables are resistant to ultraviolet rays. Besides, these cables are completely insulated and pose no threats of electrical shocks to users.
• Steel Wired Armored Cables: Steel Wired Armored Cables are damage free and very strong. The armor of these cables is made of steel and the sheath is made of Polyvinyl Chloride. Steel Wired Armored Cables are mostly used for cable ducting and power networks.

Evidently, different types of Power Cables are available for varied power transmission applications. However, buying the requisite Power Cables from reputed Electric Cable Manufacturers is very important to ensure safe transmission of electricity. No compromise on the quality of cables can be afforded as a minor defect can cost lives. One must always be sure about the quality of Electric Cables before using them. And therefore, only the trusted Electric Cables Manufacturers must be relied up to Buy Best Electric Cables or Power Cables.

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Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable(ACSR)

Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) is a specific type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity 1350 or 1370 aluminium alloy, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight and low cost. The center strands are of steel for the strength required to support the weight without stretching the aluminium due to its ductility. This gives the conductor an overall high tensile strength.

ACSR cables are available in several specific sizes, with multiple center steel wires and correspondingly larger quantities of aluminium conductors. For example, an ACSR cable with 72 aluminium conductors that requires a core of 7 steel conductors will be called 72/7 ACSR cable.

The higher resistance of the steel core is of little consequence to the transmission of electricity in large diameter conductors since it is located below the skin depth (8.5 or 9 mm for 60 or 50 Hz) where only a small amount of AC current flows.

The information is taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For more wire and canle knowledge, Please visit Huadong Cable Encyclopedia.

Aerial Bunched Cables application and advantages

Aerial Bunched Cables can be conveniently used:

• As replacement of bare lines in Rural Areas, in woods and in other localities & narrows streets where the space limited.
• As replacement of bare lines where reliability of supply is of prime importance.
• As replacement of bare lines where high degree of stability of supply voltage is of importance.
• In hilly terrains where cost of erection of overhead lines or under ground cable becomes very high.
• As reinforcement of existing system without increasing voltage.
• For temporary supplies.

ADVANTAGES:

In comparison to bare overhead power distribution lines, ABC cables has very high reliability in maintaining services because power and neutral conductors are insulated with the best dielectric medium, resulting in the following advantages:

• Less fault rate on account of good protection against line and ground fault by high winds or falling trees or birds especially in hilly areas & forests as encountered in rural distribution networks.
• High insulation resistance to earth in all seasons and polluted atmospheres. Negligible leakage currents and low losses.
• Multiple circuits of Power and Telephone cables could be strung in the same set of poles or any other supports like walls etc.
• Better adaptability to run concurrently with existing overhead bare conductor system without any interference.
• High capacitance and low inductance leading to low impedance of lines.
• Lower voltage drop, higher current capacities. VIS-?-VIS Better Voltage Regulation.
• Longer spans and longer distance lines are possible with better system stability.
• ABC cables are much safer than bare Conductors.
• It can be over hung in dense vegetation and forests.
• Additional connections can be easily and quickly made with hot – line connectors.
• Total lines costs are reduced.
• Maintenance is very easy.

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All About Armor of cable

Armor is a metal layer wrapped around the exterior of a cable to provide mechanical protection. It is primarily used in hazardous environments that require an extra layer of cable defense, or in situations where Type MC (metal clad) cable is required by the National Electric Code.

The metal armor can protect the cable against falling objects, crushing, and other physical damage. It also adds extra fire resistance, is safer for electrical maintenance workers, and is can be used in both Riser and Plenum applications. Even in markets with strict building regulations, armoring makes almost any electronic cable installation possible.

Common Cable Armor Materials

The most common armor materials are interlocked galvanized steel, interlocked aluminum, and corrugated-and-welded aluminum. All are similarly priced and, in most applications, steel and aluminum armor are equally sufficient. However, there are a few characteristics that set them apart and could make one more appropriate for a specific application.

Steel wire/tape armoured cable – This material is crush resistant and impact resistant. It is stronger than aluminum, but it also 10-40% heavier. In high current applications, steel is more effective than aluminum at blocking electromagnetic interference.

Aluminum wire/tape armoured cable – Aluminum is about five times more conductive than steel armor and weighs much less. It is impact resistant, but in order to achieve the same crush resistance as steel, aluminum armor must be five mils thicker. In low current applications, aluminum better shields cable from electromagnetic interference.

Armor vs. Shielding

Many times the idea of armor and shielding go hand in hand. Although both are metal layers used in cable to provide protection, each provides a very different kind of protection. Armor, located on the outside of the cable, is a sturdy layer of metal designed to protect mechanical integrity. It defends the cable against physical hazards and prevents it from being crushed or damaged by outside forces. Shielding is incorporated in the inner layers of the cable, around the conductor. It works to minimize electromagnetic interference and prevents the cable from intercepting outside currents or signals that could damage its productivity. Whether armor and shielding are both used in a cable depends on the application for which it is being designed.

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Helpful information of submersible pump cable

Submersible pump cable are designed for use in wet ground or under water, with types specialized for pump environmental conditions.

Huadong Submersible pump cableA submersible pump cable is a specialized product to be used for a submersible pump in a deep well, or in similarly harsh conditions. The cable needed for this type of application must be durable and reliable as the installation location and environment can be extremely restrictive as well as hostile. As such, submersible pump cable can be used in both fresh and salt water. It is also suitable for direct burial and within well castings. A submersible pump cable's area of installation is physically restrictive. Cable manufacturers must keep these factors in mind to achieve the highest possible degree of reliability. The size and shape of submersible pump cable can vary depending on the usage and preference and pumping instrument of the installer. Pump cables are made in single and multiple conductor types and may be flat or round in cross section; some types include control wires as well as power conductors for the pump motor. Conductors are often color-coded for identification and an overall cable jacket may also be color-coded.

Major types of cable include:

In 3&4 Core cable as per right side SPC types image shown, Plain Copper/Tinned Copper used as conductor.

※ PVC 3&4 Core Cable

※ Flat Cable
※ Round Cable

※ Rubber 3&4 Core Cable

※ Flat Cable
※ Round Cable

※ Flat Drincable

※ HO7RN-F Cable

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Introduce of the voltage classes

The voltage of power is classified into different types. The low voltage , medium voltage and high voltage. What is the rated voltage of power cable?  The rated voltage is normal voltage electric power system and equipment requirements.

Firstly, Uo is the AC rated voltage(effective value)of metal screen,  metal armor and metal sheath of conductor used in power cable design.  The insulation structure design of cable and electric test all adopt Uo as the standard.  It reflects the insulation level of power cable.

Secondly, U is the AC rated voltage(effective value)of phase conductor in power cable design.  It is not only related to insulation level of power cable,  but also to system earthing style and power cable category in using power cable.

At last, Um is the maximum value of the highest system voltageto be borne by equipment.

The rated voltage of the cable for a given application shall be suitable for the operating conditions in the system im which the cable is used, and is expressed in the form of U./U(Um)KV. Where:
U.-The rated power-frequency voltage between conductors and screen or metallic-sheath,for which the cable designed;
U-The rated power-frequency voltage between conductors,for which the cable designed;
Um-The maximum value of the "highest system voltage"for which the equipment may be operated.

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The high voltage XLPE cable

The high voltage XLPE Cable Systems has a long time development.

At present, numerous high voltage XLPE cable systems with nominal voltages up to 500 kV and with circuit lengths up to 40 km are in operation worldwide.

All the cable systems are equipped with accessories,which have passed the relevant type tests pursuant to national and international standards,such as long-duration tests,the Prequalification Test on a 400 kV XLPE Cable System according to the relevant international standard IEC 62067 (2001).This test required one year of operation, along with the thermal monitoring of all cables, joints and terminations installed.

Depending on the customer’s specifications it can be equipped with a longitudinal water barrier made of hygroscopic tapes or powder. The main insulation is cross-linked under high pressure and temperature. The metallic sheath shall carry the short-circuit current in case of failure. It can be optionally equipped with fibers for temperature monitoring. Finally, the outer protection consists of extruded Polyethylene (PE) or Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and serves as an anti-corrosion layer.Optionally it can be extruded with a semiconducting layer for an after-laying test and additionally with a flame-retardant material for installation in tunnels or buildings if required.

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Compared with the three core 35kV cable design and the single core cable selection

Three-core cable advantages:

Against external damage capability; small footprint, can be laid in various pipe, although more difficult construction, but the overall construction time is short; When installing either climb the tower or into the substation line spacing are more convenient; long-running process even several local metal shield grounding occurs, it will not affect the safe operation of the line.

Cons: cable tray and by its own weight limit, the cable can not do too general, transportation is not convenient; too thick cabling is also more difficult, not easy to bend; three core cable ampacity than the same cross-section of single-core cables smaller.

Single-core cable advantages:

White insulation is easy to protect, less prone to phase short circuit; cable transport more convenient, easier laying; do a relatively long cable tray, under the same section of single-core cable ampacity great.

Disadvantages: not because of their own cable with armored protection, anti-poor capacity external damage; cable root more large area; cable out of the substation, outdoor climbing tower poor layout; unit cost is higher than the three-core cable; especially single core cables in the event of a long-running multi-point grounded metal shield, could easily lead to the circulation, leading cable fever and eventually burned cables.

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duplex, triplex，quadruplex ABC applications and difference

Overhead Duplex ABC Cable Application:

Primarily used for 120volt overhead service application such as street lighting,outdoor lighting,and temporary service for construction.To be used at voltages of 600 volts phase-to-phase or less and at conductor temperatures not to exceed 75 for polyethylene insulated conductors or 90 for crosslinked polyethylene(XLP) insulated conductors.

Overhead Triplex ABC Cable Application:

To supply power from the utility’s lines to the consumer’s weather head. For service at 600 volt or less(phase to phase) at a conductor temperature of 75°C maximum for polyethylene insulation or 90°C maximum for cross-linked insulation.

Overhead quadruplex ABC Cable Application:

Service Drop Cable(ABC CABLE) are mainly used for electric power tranmission, rebuiding of urban and forest regions. They can improves safety and reliance of electrified wire netting.

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The different between URD cable and ABC cable

Underground cable don’t use poles, porcelain insulators, cross arm, cable and other materials, so you can save a lot of steel, cement.

Since the underground cable is in the ground, less susceptible to attack the storm, snow ice and other natural disasters, there is no common inverted pole overhead lines, break and other accidents; while eliminating the power lines and telephone lines, closed-circuit cable television, radio, cable cross-spanning conflict, but also less prone to physical shock casualties, even burying break ground leakage, reflected in the step voltage on the ground is also very small (less than about 2 V), to further protect the safety of people's life and property.

Learn more about URD cable and ABC cable, Please visit www.qscable.com or www.huadongcable.com.

The different between URD cable and ABC cable

Underground cable don’t use poles, porcelain insulators, cross arm, cable and other materials, so you can save a lot of steel, cement.

Since the underground cable is in the ground, less susceptible to attack the storm, snow ice and other natural disasters, there is no common inverted pole overhead lines, break and other accidents; while eliminating the power lines and telephone lines, closed-circuit cable television, radio, cable cross-spanning conflict, but also less prone to physical shock casualties, even burying break ground leakage, reflected in the step voltage on the ground is also very small (less than about 2 V), to further protect the safety of people's life and property.

Learn more about URD cable and ABC cable, Please visit www.qscable.com or www.huadongcable.com.

Overhead power line overview and classification

An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of three) suspended by towers or utility poles. Since most of the insulation is provided by air, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy.

Towers for support of the lines are made of wood (as-grown or laminated), steel (either lattice structures or tubular poles), concrete, aluminum, and occasionally reinforced plastics. The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum (either plain or reinforced with steel, or composite materials such as carbon and glass fiber), though some copper wires are used in medium-voltage distribution and low-voltage connections to customer premises. A major goal of overhead power line design is to maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line, and to provide reliable support for the conductors, resilient to storms, ice load, earthquakes and other potential causes of damage. Today overhead lines are routinely operated at voltages exceeding 765,000 volts between conductors, with even higher voltages possible in some cases.

Classification by operating voltage

Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of voltages:

• Low voltage (LV) – less than 1000 volts, used for connection between a residential or small commercial customer and the utility.
• Medium voltage (MV; distribution) – between 1000 volts (1 kV) and to about 33 kV, used for distribution in urban and rural areas.
• High voltage (HV; subtransmission less than 100 kV; subtransmission or transmission at voltage such as 115 kV and 138 kV), used for sub-transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric power and connection to very large consumers.
• Extra high voltage (EHV; transmission) – over 230 kV, up to about 800 kV, used for long distance, very high power transmission.
• Ultra high voltage (UHV) – higher than 800 kV.

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The reason of high voltage cable faults

The reason of high voltage cable faults：

According to causes of fault:manufacturing reasons, quality of construction, design reasons, external damage.

1.manufacturing reasons

1.) Cable ontology：

Generally，problems happening in the cable manufacturing process are insulation eccentricity, uneven thickness of the insulating shield, insulating impurities, both inside and outside the shield protuberance, the degree of crosslinking is uneven, cable damp,and poor sealing cable metal sheath.

2.) Cable connector：

High voltage cable connector used wrapping, molded and Molding type etc, needing big workload of field fabrication, and because of restrictions of site conditions and the production process, inevitably there will be an air gap and impurities between the insulation tape layer, so prone to problems. The reason due to manufacturing faults cause the cable connector body have stress cone manufacturing defects, insulation fillers problem, seals oil spills and other reasons.

3.) Cable grounding system:

Ground systems include cable grounding cable boxes, cable grounding protection box (with a protective layer of protection), cable crossover interconnection boxes, protective layer of protection, and other parts. Generally prone to problems mainly because of poor box sealed lead to multi-point ground water, causing the metal sheath induced current is too large. Another parameter selection sheath protector unreasonable or poor quality zinc oxide crystals can easily lead to instability protective sheath damage.

2.Construction quality reason

First, the relatively poor field conditions, cables and connectors in the factory manufacturing environment and process requirements are high, and the construction site of temperature, humidity, dust is not well controlled.

Second, the construction process in the cable insulating surface will inevitably leave a small slip marks, abrasive grains and semi-conductive particles may also be embedded on the insulation, the additional joint construction process due to exposure to air insulation, the insulation will also suction water, which gave the long-term safe operation of the stay hidden.

Third, when the installation is not in strict accordance with the provisions of the construction process or process does not take into account the problems that may arise.

Fourth, the completion and acceptance of the use of DC voltage test result leads to the formation of the joint anti-electric insulation damage. Fifth, due to mismanagement led to seal the deal.

3.Design reason:

Cable because the cable thermal expansion caused by crushing cause breakdown. XLPE cable load is high, core temperature, thermal expansion of the cable, the cable bend in the tunnel at the top of the bracket facade, long-term high-load operation cable squirm with great force, causing the stent facade crush the cable sheath metal sheath, squeeze the cable insulation cause cable breakdown.

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Erection hanging overhead cable

When laying hanging wire, you should first have a good choice of strand wire rack with a tray placed on the turntable device,
Then rotate the turntable to put line the shelves began to put the line:

Generally use the following three methods.

1. The hanging wire hanging wire resting on pole groove plywood inside and outside of the nut to tighten slightly, so as not to emerge hanging wire trunking for the degree, then you can use manual traction.

2 hanging wire on the poles and plywood between the nut, but in a straight line from the pole with all the tension every corner bar and turn on the 6 pole line (ie, outer corner pole), still the hanging wire on the inside groove plywood

3 wire cloth hanging on the ground first, then moved manually put on piecewise hanging wire nut between the poles and plywood (generally stick a fork). However, using this method must not make the hanging cord is damaged, do not hinder traffic, does not make the pole hanging wire can not be cited as the principle.

4 In the course of laying hanging wire should be possible to use the whole strand to reduce intermediate connector and ask in a bar file can not have more than one connector.

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What is XLPE cable?

Since about 1970, the cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) -insulated power cables have been used in Germany. This insulation possesses very good electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics in medium voltage networks. This type of insulation has excellent chemical resistance and is also resistant to cold temperatures. Due to various advantages, the XLPE-insulated type has vastly displaced the traditional classic paper-insulated types in many sectors.

In order to prevent the penetration of moisture and also to extend the duration of life, the XLPE insulated medium voltage cables are designed with longitudinally waterproof shielding including an additional swell tape and PE outer jacket.

The manufacture of this jacket is based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), in which an additive organic peroxide is mixed. Due to the heating and pressure the molecule chains are joined together, assuring the transition from thermo plastic to elastic condition.

In comparison to PVC and paper-insulated cables, the advantage of XLPE-insulated medium voltage power cables is that they possess a low dielectric factor, such as it is 100 times smaller than of PVC-insulated cables.
Moreover, a better dielectric constant value has has an effect on the low mutual
capacitance, the short circuit to ground and the charging current of XLPE-insulated cables.
The good properties of these cables remain constant at a wide temperature range.

Cable Installation(Visit http://www.qscable.com to get more information)

In order to avoid any damage, the XLPE insulated medium voltage power cables should be carefully laid and installed. It must be ensured that the cables should not be pulled over hard or sharp edges. The cable ends must be sealed water-tight. After cutting the length both ends must be sealed immediately.

An installation depth of 60 to 80 cm is recommended. Single conductor cables are normally arranged in a trefoil touching or triangular shape.

For installation in conduits, especially the influence of thermal insulation of air space between the cable and the inner wall of the conduit should be considered. The inner diameter of the conduit should be at least 1.5 times that of the diameter of the cable.